Testwiki : ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ

ចំណងជើងគួរតែជាឈ្មោះដែលអាចស្គាល់បាន ឬការពិពណ៌នាអំពីប្រធានបទដែលមានលក្ខណៈធម្មជាតិ ច្បាស់លាស់ គ្រប់គ្រាន់ សង្ខេប និងស្របតាមចំណងជើងនៃអត្ថបទដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធ។ If these criteria are in conflict, they should be balanced against one another.

សម្រាប់ការណែនាំអំពីទ្រង់ទ្រាយចំណងជើង សូមមើលផ្នែក ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link នៃនយោបាយនេះ ។ Note the following:

To italicize a title, add ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx near the top of the article. (For mixed situations, use e.g. {{DISPLAYTITLE:ទំព័រគំរូ:ZwspInterpretations of ''2001: A Space Odyssey''}} instead.) Use of italics should conform to ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
Do not use ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt as the first word (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt), unless it is an inseparable part of a name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or it is part of the title of a work (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Titles should normally be nouns or noun phrases: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt.ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn
The final character should not be a punctuation mark unless it is part of a name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or an abbreviation (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), or a closing round bracket or quotation mark is required (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Whenever quotation marks or apostrophes appear in article titles, add a redirect for the same title but using “curly” quotemarks/apostrophes instead of usual "straight".^[១]

The guidance contained elsewhere in the MoS, particularly ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link (below) applies to all parts of an article, including the title. (WP:Article titles does not contain detailed rules about punctuation.)

Section organization

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

An article should begin with an introductory lead section, which should not contain section headings ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref. The remainder of the article may be divided into sections, subsections, etc.

The lead should be a concise summary. Newly added information does not always qualify as important enough for the lead; it should be placed in the most appropriate section or sections (see WP:LEAD). Infoboxes, images, and related content in the lead section must be right-aligned.

If an article has at least four section headings, a navigable table of contents appears automatically, just after the lead.

If the topic of a section is covered in more detail in a dedicated article ទំព័រគំរូ:Cross reference insert ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx immediately under the section heading.

As explained in more detail in ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, optional appendix and footer sections containing the following lists may appear after the body of the article, in the following order:

books or other works created by the subject of the article (under a section heading "Works", "Publications", "Discography", etc. as appropriate);
internal links to related English Wikipedia articles (section heading "See also");
notes and references (section heading "Notes" or "References", or a separate section for each; see Citing sources);
relevant books, articles, or other publications that have not been used as sources (section heading "Further reading");
relevant websites that have not been used as sources and do not appear in the earlier appendices (added as part of "Further reading" or in a separate section headed "External links");
internal links organized into navigational boxes (sometimes placed at the top in the form of sidebars);
categories.

Other article elements include disambiguation hatnotes (normally placed at the very top of the article) and infoboxes (usually placed before the lead section).

Section headings

Section headings follow the same guidance as article titles (above), and should be presented in sentence case (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) not title case (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). The other provisions relating to article titles generally apply to section headings as well.

Use equal signs around a section heading: ==Title== for a primary section; ===Title=== for a subsection; and so on to =====Title=====. (=Title= is never used.)ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn The heading must be on its own line, with one blank line just before it; a blank line just after is optional and ignored (but do not use two blank lines, before or after, because that will add unwanted visible space). Spaces around the Title (e.g. ==ទំព័រគំរូ:NbspTitleទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp==) are optional and ignored.

In addition:

Headings should not refer redundantly to the subject of the article (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) or to higher-level headings, unless doing so is shorter or clearer.
Headings should normally not contain links, especially where only part of a heading is linked.
Section headings should preferably be unique within a page; otherwise section links may lead to the wrong place, and automatic edit summaries for section edits will be ambiguous.
Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings.
Headings should not contain images, such as flag icons or <math>.
Headings should not be phrased as questions.
Avoid starting headings with numbers (other than years), because this can be confusing for readers with the "Auto-number headings" preference selected.

An invisible comment on the same line as the heading should be ទំព័រគំរូ:Em the == == markup:ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn ទំព័រគំរូ:Block indent

Before changing a section heading, consider whether you might be breaking existing links to that section. If there are many links to the old section title, create an anchor with that title to ensure that the links still work. Similarly, when linking to a section of an article, leave an invisible comment, at the heading of the target section, naming the linking articles so that if the section title is altered the linking articles can be fixed. For example: ទំព័រគំរូ:Block indent Several of the above provisions are also applicable to headers of tables and of table columns and rows, including: sentence case, redundancy, images, and questions. However, table headings can incorporate citations and may begin with, or be, numbers. Unlike page headings, table headers do not automatically generate link anchors. ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref

Retaining existing styles

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut On some questions of style, MOS proposes more than one acceptable answer; on other questions it gives no guidance. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one styling to another without "substantial reason" (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link; ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link; and ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link).

Edit-warring over styles is never acceptable. If the existing style of an article is problematic, discuss it at the article's talkpage or if necessary at the MOS talkpage.

National varieties of English

The English Wikipedia prefers no major national variety of the language over any other. These varieties (for example American English or British English) differ in a number of ways, including vocabulary (elevator vs. lift), spelling (center vs. centre), date formatting ("April 13" vs. "13 April"), and occasionally grammar (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below). The following subsections describe how to determine the appropriate variety for an article. (The accepted style of punctuation is covered in ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.)

Articles such as English plurals and Comparison of American and British English provide information on the differences between these major varieties of the language.

Opportunities for commonality

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

Prefer vocabulary common to all varieties of English. Insisting on a single term or a single usage as the only correct option does not serve the purposes of an international encyclopedia.

Universally used terms are often preferable to less widely distributed terms, especially in article titles. For example, [[Glasses|ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt]] is preferred to the national varieties ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt (British English) and ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt (American English); [[Ten million|ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt]] is preferable to ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt (Indian English).
If one variant spelling appears in an article title, make a redirect page to accommodate the other variants, as with artefact and artifact, so that all variants can be used in searches and in linking.
Terms that differ between varieties of English, or that have divergent meanings, may be glossed to prevent confusion, for example, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
Use a commonly understood word or phrase in preference to one that has a different meaning because of national differences (rather than ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt depending on which sense is intended).

Consistency within articles

While Wikipedia does not prefer any national variety of English, ទំព័រគំរូ:Em the conventions of one particular variety should be followed consistently. The exceptions are:

quotations, titles of works (books, films, etc.): Quote these as given in the source (but see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below);
proper names: Use the subject's own spelling e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;
passages explicitly discussing varieties of English;
URLs: Changing the spelling of part of an external link's URL will almost always break the link.

Strong national ties to a topic

An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. For example:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Columns-list

In an article about a modern writer, it is often a good choice to use the variety of English in which the subject wrote, especially if the writings are quoted. For example, the article J. R. R. Tolkien follows his use of British English with Oxford spelling. In an article about a supranational or international organization, it is often a good choice to use the variety of English used by that body.

This guideline should not be used to claim national ownership of any article; see Wikipedia:Ownership of articles.

Retaining the existing variety

When an English variety's consistent usage has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has strong national ties or a term/spelling carries less ambiguity), there is no valid reason for such a change.

When no English variety has been established and discussion does not resolve the issue, use the variety found in the first post-stub revision that introduced an identifiable variety. The established variety in a given article can be documented by placing the appropriate Varieties of English template on its talk page.

An article should not be edited or renamed simply to switch from one variety of English to another. The ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlxs template may be placed on an editor's talk page to explain this.

Capital letters

Wikipedia article titles and section headings use sentence case, not title case; see WP:Article titles and ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link (above). For capitalization of list items, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link. Other points concerning capitalization are summarized below; full information can be found at WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters.

Capitalization of "The"

Testwiki:ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ/titles hatnote include

Generally, do not capitalize the mid-sentence: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. Conventional exceptions include most titles of creative works (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but be aware the may not be part of the title itself e.g. ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and certain proper names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

For the in band and album names, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Titles of works

The English-language titles of compositions (books and other print works, songs and other audio works, films and other visual media works, paintings and other artworks, etc.) are given in ទំព័រគំរូ:Em, in which every word is given an initial capital except for certain less important words (as detailed at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link). The first and last words in an English-language title are always capitalized.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Capitalization in foreign-language titles varies, even over time within the same language; generally, retain the style of the original for modern works, and follow the usage in English-language reliable sources for historical works. Many of these items should also be in italics, or enclosed in quotation marks.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Titles of people

ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

In generic use, apply lower case to words such as president, king, and emperor (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Directly juxtaposed with the person's name, such words begin with a capital letter (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). Standard or commonly used names of an office are treated as proper names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Royal styles are capitalized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); exceptions may apply for particular offices.
For the use of titles and honorifics in biographical articles, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines

Religions, sects, and churches and their followers (in noun or adjective form) start with a capital letter. Generally, "the" is not capitalized before such names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).
Religious texts (scriptures) are capitalized, but often not italicized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Do not capitalize "the" when using it in this way. Some derived adjectives are capitalized by convention, and some are not (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); if unsure, check a dictionary.
Honorifics for deities, including proper names and titles, start with a capital letter (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Do not capitalize "the" in such cases or when referring to major religious figures or characters from mythology (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Common nouns for deities and religious figures are not capitalized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Pronouns for figures of veneration or worship are not capitalized, even if capitalized in a religion's scriptures.
Broad categories of mythical or legendary beings start with lower-case letters (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), although in works of fantasy, such as the novels of J. R. R. Tolkien and some video games, initial capitals are sometimes used to indicate that the beings form a culture or race in a fictional universe. Capitalize the names or titles of individual creatures (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and of groups whose name and membership are fixed (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Generalized references are not capitalized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Spiritual or religious events are capitalized only when referring to specific incidents or periods (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Philosophies, theories, movements, and doctrines use lower case unless the name derives from a proper name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or has become a proper name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, a system of political thought; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, a political party). Use lower case for doctrinal topics or canonical religious ideas (as opposed to specific events), even if they are capitalized by some religious adherents (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Platonic or transcendent ideals are capitalized in the context of philosophical doctrine (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); used more broadly, they are in lower case (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Use capitals for personifications represented in art (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Calendar items

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

Months, days of the week, and holidays start with a capital letter (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt refers only to the US Independence Day—otherwise ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Seasons are in lower case (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), except in personifications or in proper names for periods or events (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Animals, plants, and other organisms

When using taxonomic ("scientific") names, capitalize and italicize the genus: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. (Supergenus and subgenus, when applicable, are treated the same way.) Italicize but do not capitalize taxonomic ranks at the level of species and below: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; no exception is made for proper names forming part of scientific names. Higher taxa (order, family, etc.) are capitalized in Latin (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) but not in their English equivalents (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); they are not italicized in either form.

Cultivar and cultivar group names of plants are not italicized, and are capitalized (including the word "Group" in the name); cultivar names appear within single quotes (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), while cultivar groups do not (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

English vernacular ("common") names are given in lower case in article prose (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and in sentence case at the start of article titles, sentences, headings and other places where the first letter of the first word is capitalized. They are additionally capitalized where they contain proper names: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. This applies to species and subspecies, as in the previous examples, as well as general names for groups or types of organisms: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. When the common name coincides with a scientific taxon, do not capitalize or italicize, except where addressing the organism taxonomically: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt Non-English vernacular names, when relevant to include, are handled like any other foreign-language terms: italicized as such, and capitalized only if the rules of the native language require it. Non-English names that have become English-assimilated common names are treated as English (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Create redirects from alternative capitalization and spelling forms of article titles, and from alternative names, e.g., Adélie Penguin, Adelie penguin, Adelie Penguin and Pygoscelis adeliae should all redirect to Adélie penguin.

Celestial bodies

ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

The words sun, earth, and moon do not take capitals in general use (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). They are capitalized when the entity is personified (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or when used as the name of a specific body in a scientific or astronomical context (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Names of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, and galaxies are proper names, and therefore capitalized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). The first letter of every word in such a name is capitalized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).
Words such as comet and galaxy should be capitalized where they form part of an object's proper name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Compass points

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article

Do not capitalize directions such as north, nor their related forms (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), except where they are parts of proper names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Capitalize names of regions if they have attained proper-name status, including informal conventional names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), and derived terms for people (e.g., a Southerner as someone from the Southern United States). Do not capitalize descriptive names for regions that have not attained the status of proper names, such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Composite directions may or may not be hyphenated, depending on the variety of English adopted in the article. ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt are more common in American English; but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt in British English. In cases such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, use an en dash; see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.

Proper names versus generic terms

ទំព័រគំរូ:See also ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut

Capitalize names of particular institutions (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;ទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) but not generic words for institutions (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Do not capitalize the at the start of an institution's name, regardless of the institution's preferred style.

Treat political or geographic units similarly: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;ទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Do not mimic the style of local newspapers which refer to their municipality as "the City" or "The City"; an exception is the City of London, referred to as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Ligatures

Ligatures should be used in languages in which they are standard (hence ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt is preferable to ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) but not in English outside of names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).

Abbreviations

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article

Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases. In strict analysis, they are distinct from contractions, which use an apostrophe (e.g., won't, see § Contractions) and initialisms (including acronyms). An initialism is usually formed from some or all of the initial letters of words in a phrase. In some linguistic works, an acronym is considered to be only an initialism pronounced as a word (e.g., NATO), as distinct from the case where the initialism is said as a string of individual letters (e.g., US. Herein, general statements regarding abbreviations are inclusive of acronyms, and the term acronym applies collectively to initialisms, without distinction that an acronym is said as a word.

Write out both the full version and the abbreviation at first occurrence

When an abbreviation is used in an article, give the expression in full at first, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses (round brackets). Thereafter the abbreviation can be used alone:

If the full version is already in parentheses, use a comma and or to indicate the abbreviation.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor

Make an exception for very common abbreviations; in most articles they require no expansion (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Do not apply initial capitals in a full version simply because capitals are used in the abbreviation.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Plural and possessive forms

Like other nouns, acronyms are pluralized via addition of -s or -es: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. As always, do not use an apostrophe to form a plural: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt.

Full stops and spaces

Abbreviations may or may not be closed with a period; a consistent style should be maintained within an article. Standard North American usage is to end all abbreviations with a period (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), but in standard British and Australian usage, no stop is used if the abbreviation ends in the last letter of the unabbreviated form, except when confusion could result (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). This is also common practice in scientific writing. Regardless of punctuation, words that are abbreviated to more than one letter are spaced (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). There are some exceptions: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (see above) for "Philosophiae Doctor"; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt for "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine".

US and U.S.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Under discussion In American and Canadian English, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (with periods [full stops] and without a space) is the dominant abbreviation for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, though at least one major American style guide, The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.), now deprecates ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and prefers ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (without periods). ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt is more common in most other national forms of English. Use of periods for abbreviations and acronyms should be consistent within any given article and congruent with the variety of English used by that article. In longer abbreviations (three letters or more) that incorporate the country's initials (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), do not use periods. When the United States is mentioned with one or more other countries in the same sentence, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt may be too informal, especially at the first mention or as a noun instead of an adjective (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). Do not use the spaced ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or the archaic ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, except when quoting. Do not use ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt except in a quotation, as part of a proper name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), or in certain technical/formal uses (e.g., the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes and FIFA country codes).

Circa

ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

To indicate approximately, the abbreviation ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (followed by a space and not italicized) is preferred over circa, ca., or approx. The template ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx may be used.

Do not use unwarranted abbreviations

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

Avoid abbreviations when they might confuse the reader, interrupt the flow, or appear informal. For example, do not use ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, except in a technical passage where the term occurs many times or in an infobox or a data table to reduce width.

Do not invent abbreviations or acronyms

Generally avoid devising new abbreviations, especially acronyms (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xtn is good as a ទំព័រគំរូ:Em of ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but neither it nor the reduction ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt is used by the organization; so use the original name and its official abbreviation, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

If it is necessary to abbreviate in a tight space, such as a column header in a table, use widely recognized abbreviations. For example, for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, with a link if the term has not already been written out in the article: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Do not make up initialisms such as ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt.

HTML elements

Either the ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag element or the ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template can be used for abbreviations and acronyms: ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx will generate ទំព័រគំរូ:Abbr; hovering over the rendered text causes a tooltip of the long form to pop up. MediaWiki, the software on which Wikipedia runs, does not support ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag.

Ampersand

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Further information

In normal text and headings, use and instead of the ampersand (&) in most cases: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. But retain an ampersand when it is a legitimate part of a proper noun, such as in Up & Down or AT&T. Elsewhere, ampersands may be used with consistency and discretion where space is extremely limited (e.g. tables and infoboxes). Quotations (see also MOS:QUOTE) may be cautiously modified, especially for consistency where different editions are quoted, as modern editions of old texts routinely replace ampersands with and (just as they replace other disused glyphs, ligatures, and abbreviations).

Italics

Emphasis

Boldface or CAPITALS are not normally used for emphasis; use italics instead, but sparingly: overuse of emphasis reduces its effectiveness. Ideally, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr or {{em|word}} instead of ''word'' to indicate emphasis: The vaccine is {{em|not}} a cure, but a prophylactic. This allows user style sheets to handle emphasis in a customized way, and is an aid to re-users and translators.ទំព័រគំរូ:Refn

Titles

Testwiki:ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ/titles hatnote include

Use italics for the titles of works such as books, pamphlets, films (including short films), television series, named exhibitions, computer and video games (but not other software), music albums, and paintings. The titles of articles, chapters, songs, television episodes, research papers and other short works take double quotation marks instead. Italics are not used for major revered religious works (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Many of these titles should also be in title case.

Words as words

Use italics when ទំព័រគំរូ:Em a word or letter (see Use–mention distinction) or a string of words up to one full sentence (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). When a whole sentence is mentioned, quotation marks may be used instead, with consistency (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (to discuss grammar, wording, punctuation, etc.) is different from ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (in which something is usually expressed on behalf of a quoted source).

A closely related use of italics is when introducing or distinguishing terms: ទំព័រគំរូ:Tq

Foreign words

Use italics for phrases in other languages and for isolated foreign words that are not common in everyday English. Proper names (such as place names) in other languages, however, are not usually italicized, nor are terms in non-Latin scripts.

Scientific names

Use italics for the scientific names of plants, animals and other organisms at the genus level and below (italicize ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt but not ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). The hybrid sign is not italicized (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), nor is the "connecting term" required in three-part botanical names (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Quotations in italics

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main For quotations, use only quotation marks (for short quotations) or block quoting (for long ones), not italics. (See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.) This means: 1) a quotation is not italicized inside quotation marks or a block quote just because it is a quotation; and 2) italics are no substitute for proper quotation formatting. To distinguish block quotations from ordinary text, you can use ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx. (See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.)

Italics within quotations

Use italics within quotations if they are already in the source material. When adding emphasis on Wikipedia, add an editorial note ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt after the quotation.

If the source has used italics (or some other styling) for emphasis and this is not otherwise evident, the editorial note ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt should appear after the quotation.

Effect on nearby punctuation

Italicize only the elements of the sentence affected by the emphasis. Do not italicize surrounding punctuation.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Hanging indent

Italicized links

For a link to function, any italics markup must be either completely outside the link markup, or in the link's "piped" portion.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Hanging indent

Controlling line breaks

It is sometimes desirable to force a text segment to appear entirely on a single lineទំព័រគំរូ:Mdashbthat is, to prevent a line break (line wrap) from occurring anywhere within it.

A non-breaking space (or hard space) will never be used as a line-break point. ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, code 19 kg ទំព័រគំរូ:Em 19ទំព័រគំរូ:Tkg.
Or use ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx (all equivalent). ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt code ទំព័រគំរូ:Tnull

It is desirable to prevent line breaks where breaking across lines might be confusing or awkward. For example: ទំព័រគំរូ:Columns list

Whether a non-breaking space is appropriate depends on context: whereas it is appropriate to use 12ទំព័រគំរូ:TMB in prose, it may be counterproductive in a table (where horizontal space is precious) and unnecessary in a short parameter value in an infobox (where a break would never occur anyway).

A line break may occur at a thin space ( , or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx), which is sometimes used to correct too-close placement of adjacent characters. To prevent this, consider using ទំព័រគំរូ:T.

Always insert hard/thin spaces symbolically ({{nbsp}}, {{thinsp}},  ,  ), never by entering them as literal characters entered from the keyboard. (Note that inside wikilinks, a construction such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr works as expected, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr will not work.)

Adjacent quotation marks: The templates ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx and ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx will add a sliver of space between adjacent quotation marks/apostrophes for better readability. ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr or ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr

Quotations

While quotations are an indispensable part of Wikipedia, try not to overuse them. Brief quotations of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. It is generally recommended that content be written in Wikipedia editors' own words. Using too many quotes is incompatible with an encyclopedic writing style, and may indicate a copyright infringement. Consider minimizing the use of quotations by paraphrasing, as quotations should not replace free text (including one that the editor writes).

Original wording

Quotations must be verifiably attributed, and the wording of the quoted text should be faithfully reproduced. This is referred to as the ទំព័រគំរូ:Strong. Where there is good reason to change the wording, enclose changes within square brackets (for example, [her father] replacing him, where the context identifying "him" is not included in the quotation: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). If there is a significant error in the original statement, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or the template ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx to show that the error was not made by Wikipedia. However, trivial spelling and typographic errors should simply be corrected without comment (for example, correct ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt to ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt to ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), unless the slip is textually important.

Use ellipses to indicate omissions from quoted text. Legitimate omissions include extraneous, irrelevant, or parenthetical words, and unintelligible speech (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, and ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). Do not omit text where doing so would remove important context or alter the meaning of the text. When a vulgarity or obscenity is quoted, it should appear exactly as it does in the cited source; unless faithfully reproducing quoted text, Wikipedians should never bowdlerize words by replacing letters with dashes, asterisks, or other symbols. In carrying over such an alteration from a quoted source, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt may be used to indicate that the transcription is exact.

In direct quotations, retain dialectal and archaic spellings, including capitalization (but not archaic glyphs and ligatures, as detailed below).

Point of view

Quotation should be used, with attribution, to present emotive opinions that cannot be expressed in Wikipedia's own voice, but never to present cultural norms as simply opinional:

Right: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Wrong: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

Concise opinions that are not overly emotive can often be reported with attribution instead of direct quotation. Use of quotation marks around simple descriptive terms can often seem to imply something doubtful regarding the material being quoted; sarcasm or weasel words, like "supposedly" or "so-called", might be inferred.

Permissible: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Unnecessary and may imply doubt: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
Should be quoted: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Typographic conformity

A quotation is not a facsimile, and in most cases it is not a requirement that the original formatting be preserved. Formatting and other purely typographical elements of quoted text should be adapted to English Wikipedia's conventions without comment provided that doing so will not change or obscure meaning or intent of the text; this practice is universal among publishers. These are alterations which make no difference when the text is read aloud, such as:

Styling of dashes and hyphens: see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below. Use the style chosen for the article: unspaced em dash or spaced en dash.
Styling of apostrophes and quotation marks
- These should be straight, not curly or slanted. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
- When quoting a quotation that itself contains a quotation, alternate between using double and single quotes for each quotation. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link for details.
Replacing non-English typographical elements with their English equivalents. For example, replace guillemets (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) with straight quotation marks.
Removing spaces before punctuation such as periods and colons.
Generally preserve bold and italics ទំព័រគំរូ:Cross reference, but most other styling should be altered. ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, spacing ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, colors, all caps, small caps, etc. should generally be normalized to italics or (rarely) boldface. For titles of books, articles, poems, and so forth, add italics or quotation marks following the Manual of Style guidance for titles.
Expanding abbreviations.
Normalizing archaic glyphs and ligatures unnecessary to the meaning. Examples include æ→ae, œ→oe, ſ→s, and þ^e→the. See also ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.

However, national varieties should not be changed, as these may involve changes in vocabulary. For example, a quotation from a British source should retain British spelling, even in an article that otherwise uses American spelling. (See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.)

Direct quotation should not be used in an attempt to preserve the formatting preferred by an external publisher, especially when the material would otherwise be unchanged:

Italics can be used to mark a particular usage as a term of art (a case of "words as words"), especially when it is unfamiliar or should not be reworded by a non-expert:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

When quoting a complete sentence, it is recommended to keep the first word capitalized unless the quoted passage has been integrated into the surrounding sentence.ទំព័រគំរូ:Example needed

Attribution

The author of a quote of a full sentence or more should be named; this is done in the main text and not in a footnote. However, attribution is unnecessary with quotations that are clearly from the person discussed in the article or section. When preceding a quotation with its attribution, avoid characterizing it in a biased manner.

Quotations within quotations

For quotations within quotations, use double quote marks outermost and, working inward, alternate single with double quote marks: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt For two or more quote marks in immediate succession, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, or (as in the example just given) ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, which add a small amount of nonbreaking space between the quote marks.

Linking

As much as possible, avoid linking from within quotes, which may clutter the quotation, violate the principle of leaving quotations unchanged, and mislead or confuse the reader.

Block quotations

Format a long quote (more than about 40 words or a few hundred characters, or consisting of more than one paragraph, regardless of length) as a block quotation, indented on both sides. Block quotations can be enclosed in ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag. The template also provides parameters for attribution. Do not enclose block quotations in quotation marks (and especially avoid decorative quotation marks in normal use, such as those provided by the ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template). Block quotations using a colored background are also discouraged.

Poetry, lyrics, and other formatted text may be quoted inline if they are short, or presented in a block quotation. If inline, line breaks should be indicated by /, and paragraph or stanza breaks by //. Wikipedia's MediaWiki software does not normally render line breaks or indentation inside a ទំព័រគំរូ:Tnull or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag, but the ទំព័រគំរូ:Xtag extension can be used to preserve them:

<blockquote><poem>
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visiter," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—
            Only this and nothing more."
</poem></blockquote>

This will result in the following, indented on both sides (it may also be in a smaller font, depending on browser software): ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Do not abuse block quotation markup to indent non-quotations. Various templates are available for indentation, including ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, and (for inline use) ទំព័រគំរូ:Tl.

Foreign-language quotations

Quotations from foreign-language sources should appear with a translation into English, preferably a modern one. Quotations that are translations should be explicitly distinguished from those that are not. Indicate the original source of a translation (if it is available, and not first published within Wikipedia), and the original language (if that is not clear from the context).

If the original, untranslated text is available, provide a reference for it or include it, as appropriate.

When editors themselves translate foreign text into English, care must always be taken to include the original text, ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (except for non-Latin-based writing systems), and to use actual and (if at all possible) common English words in the translation. Beware linguistic "false friends": Portuguese ទំព័រគំរូ:Lang in organization names should be translated as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt not ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, as one example among many. Unless you are certain of your competency to translate something, see Wikipedia:Translation for assistance.

Punctuation

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Redirect ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Apostrophes

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor

Consistent use of the straight apostrophe (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) is recommended, as opposed to the curly apostrophe (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). For details and reasons, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.
Where an apostrophe might otherwise be misinterpreted as Wiki markup, use the templates ទំព័រគំរូ:Tn, ទំព័រគំរូ:Tn, and ទំព័រគំរូ:Tn, or use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xtag tags, or use ' entity.
Characters resembling apostrophes, such as transliterated Arabic ayin (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and alif (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), are represented by their correct Unicode characters (that is, U+02BF MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING and U+02BE MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING respectively), despite possible display problems. If this is not feasible, use a straight apostrophe instead.
For usage of the possessive apostrophe, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.
For a thorough treatment of all uses of the apostrophe (possessive, elision, formation of certain plurals, specific foreign-language issues) see the article Apostrophe.

Quotation marks

In the material below, the term quotation includes conventional uses of quotation marks such as for titles of songs, chapters, episodes, and so on.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Vanchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut

Use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt quotes, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. (For single quotes or apostrophes: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt.)^[១]

Do not use accent marks, backticks (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt), or low-high (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) or guillemet (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) marks as quotation marks (or as apostrophes). The symbols ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt seen in edit window dropdowns are prime and double-prime; these are used to indicate subdivisions of the degree, but not as apostrophes/quote marks.
Quotation marks and apostrophes in "imported" material should be changed if necessary.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Vanchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor

Enclose most quotations with double quotation marks (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Enclose a quotation inside a quotation with single quotation marks (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).^[២] But there are exceptions, such as:

Plant cultivars take ទំព័រគំរូ:Vanchor (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; see WP:Naming conventions (flora)).
Simple glosses that translate or define unfamiliar terms usually take single quotes (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

ទំព័រគំរូ:Vanchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor

In the bolded text typically appearing at the opening of an article:

Any quotation marks that are part of the title should be in bold just like the rest of the title (from "A" Is for Alibi: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Quotation marks not part of the article title should not be bolded (from Jabberwocky: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; from Bill Clinton: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

ទំព័រគំរូ:Vanchor

The use of a comma before a quotation embedded within a sentence is optional, if a non-quoted but otherwise identical construction would work grammatically without the comma:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Compare the non-quotation ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt)
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

The comma-free approach is often used with partial or interrupted quotations:

A comma is required when it would be present in the same constructions if none of the material were a quotation:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Do not insert a comma if it would confuse or alter the meaning:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Accurate quote of a statement about some childrenទំព័រគំរូ:Sndspecifically those children "who are coming to termsទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp...")
ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt (Changes the meaning to imply Jenner was expressing concern about all children, while separately observing that children, in general, "are coming to termsទំព័រគំរូ:Nbsp...")

It is clearer to use a colon to introduce a quotation if it forms a complete sentence, and this should always be done for multi-sentence quotations:

No additional punctuation is necessary for an explicit words-as-words scenario:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Names and titles

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor Testwiki:ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ/titles hatnote include

Quotation marks should be used for the following names and titles: ទំព័រគំរូ:Columns-list

For example: The song "Example" from the album Example by the band Example.

Do not use quotation marks or italics for: ទំព័រគំរូ:Columns-list

Many, but not all, of the above items should also be in title case.

Punctuation inside or outside

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

On the English Wikipedia, use the "logical quotation" style in all articles, regardless of the variety of English in which they are written. Include terminal punctuation within the quotation marks only if it was present in the original material, and otherwise place it after the closing quotation mark. For the most part, this means treating periods and commas in the same way as question marks: Keep them inside the quotation marks if they apply only to the quoted material and outside if they apply to the whole sentence. Examples are given below.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Tq (mark applies to whole sentence)

ទំព័រគំរូ:Tq (mark applies to quoted material only)

If the quotation is a full sentence and it coincides with the end of the sentence containing it, place terminal punctuation inside the closing quotation mark. If the quotation is a single word or fragment, place the terminal punctuation outside.

If the quoted sentence has been broken up with an editorial insertion, still include the terminal punctuation inside the closing quotation mark.

If the quoted sentence is followed by a clause that should be preceded by a comma, omit the full stop but other terminal punctuation, such as a question mark or exclamation mark, may be retained. A question should always end with a question mark.

If the quoted sentence is followed by a clause identifying the speaker, use a comma outside the quotation mark instead of a full stop inside it, but retain any other terminal punctuation, such as question marks.

Do not follow quoted words or fragments with commas inside the quotation marks, except where a longer quotation has been broken up and the comma is part of the full quotation.

Brackets and parentheses

The rules in this section apply to both round brackets ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, often called parentheses, and square brackets ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

If a sentence contains a bracketed phrase, place the sentence punctuation outside the brackets ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt However, where one or more sentences are wholly inside brackets, place their punctuation inside the brackets. (For examples, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.) There should be no space next to the inner side of a bracket. An opening bracket should usually be preceded by a space, for example. This may not be the case if it is preceded by an opening quotation mark, another opening bracket, or a portion of a word:

There should be a space after a closing bracket, except where a punctuation mark follows (though a spaced dash would still be spaced after a closing bracket) and in unusual cases similar to those listed for opening brackets.

If sets of brackets are nested, use different types for adjacent levels of nesting; for two levels, it is customary to have square brackets appear within round brackets. This is often a sign of excessively convoluted expression; it is often better to recast, linking the thoughts with commas, semicolons, colons, or dashes.

Avoid adjacent sets of brackets. Either put the parenthetic phrases in one set separated by commas, or rewrite the sentence:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Square brackets are used to indicate editorial replacements and insertions within quotations, though this should never alter the intended meaning. They serve three main purposes:

To clarify. (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, where this was the intended meaning, but the type of school was unstated in the original sentence.)
To reduce the size of a quotation. (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt may be reduced to ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.) When an ellipsis (...) is used to indicate that material is removed from a direct quotation, it should not normally be bracketed (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below).
To make the grammar work. (Referring to someone's statement ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, one could properly write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.)

Sentences and brackets

If any sentence includes material that is enclosed in square or round brackets, it still must end—with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark—ទំព័រគំរូ:Em those brackets. This principle applies no matter what punctuation is used within the brackets:

However, if the entire sentence is within brackets, the closing punctuation falls within the brackets. (This sentence is an example.) This does not apply to matter that is added (or modified editorially) at the beginning of a sentence for clarity, which is usually in square brackets:

That is preferable to this, which is potentially ambiguous:

ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

But even here consider an addition rather than a replacement of text:

A sentence that occurs within brackets in the course of another sentence does not generally have its first word capitalized just because it starts a sentence. The enclosed sentence may have a question mark or exclamation mark added, but not a period. See the indented example above and also

It is often clearer to separate the thoughts into separate sentences or clauses:

Brackets and linking

Brackets inside of links require special handling:

He said, "[[John Doe\|John [Doe]]] answered."	He said, "John [Doe] answered."
He said, "[[John Doe\|John {{bracket\|Doe}}]] answered."	He said, "[[John Doe\|John ទំព័រគំរូ:Bracket]] answered."
[http://example.site On the first day [etc.]]	On the first day [etc.]
[http://example.site On the first day {{bracket\|etc.}}]	On the first day ទំព័រគំរូ:Bracket

The ទំព័រគំរូ:Xtag markup can also be used: ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag.

If a URL itself contains square brackets, the wiki-text should use the URL-encoded form ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobreak, rather than ...query=ទំព័រគំរូ:!bxtxxxទំព័រគំរូ:!bxtyyy. This will avoid truncation of the link after xxx.

Ellipses

To indicate an omission of material from quoted text, use an ellipsis (plural ellipses): a set of three unspaced dots: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (The pre-composed ellipsis character (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt), or three dots separated by spaces ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr, are not recommended.)

Use an ellipsis if material is omitted in the course of a quotation, unless square brackets are used to gloss the quotation ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref.

Put a space on each side of an ellipsis (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), except that there should be no space between an ellipsis and
- a quotation mark directly following the ellipsis (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- any (round, square, curly, etc.) bracket, where the ellipsis is on the inside (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- any terminal punctuation, colon, semicolon, or comma, directly following the ellipsis (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Place terminal punctuation after an ellipsis only if it is textually important (as is often the case with exclamation marks and question marks and rarely with periods).
Use non-breaking spaces ( ) as needed to prevent improper line breaks, for example,
- to keep a quotation mark (and any adjacent punctuation) from being separated from the start or end of the quotation (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- to keep the ellipsis from wrapping to the next line (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).

ទំព័រគំរូ:Visible anchor: Three dots are occasionally used to represent a pause in or suspense of speech, in which case the punctuation is retained in its original form: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Avoid this usage except in direct quotations. When it indicates an incomplete word, no space is used between the word fragment(s) and the ellipsis: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

ទំព័រគំរូ:AnchorWith square brackets: An ellipsis does not normally need square brackets around it, because its function is usually obvious—especially if the guidelines above are followed. Square brackets, however, may optionally be used for precision, to make it clear that the ellipsis is not itself quoted; this is usually only necessary if the quoted passage also uses three periods in it to indicate a pause or suspension. The ellipsis should follow exactly the principles given above but with square brackets inserted immediately before and after it (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Commas

Commas are the most frequently used punctuation marks and can be the most difficult to use well. Some important points regarding their use follow below and at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Pairs of commas are used to delimit parenthetic material, forming an appositive. Using commas in this way interrupts a sentence less than using round brackets or dashes to express parenthetical material. When inserting parenthetical material in a sentence, use two commas, or none at all. For example:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (when Janet has multiple sons)
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (when Janet has only one son)

Do not be fooled by other punctuation, which can distract from the need for a comma, especially when it collides with a bracket or parenthesis, as in this example:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Modern writing uses fewer commas; there are usually ways to simplify a sentence so that fewer are needed.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

In geographical references that include multiple levels of subordinate divisions (e.g., city, state/province, country), a comma separates each element and follows the last element unless followed by other punctuation. Dates in month–day–year format require a comma after the day, as well as after the year, unless followed by other punctuation. In both cases, the last element is treated as parenthetical.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

On Wikipedia, place quotation marks by following the system described below. This is called "logical quotation" (see also ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link).

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

A comma may be included before a quotation embedded within a sentence (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link above).

Serial commas

A serial comma (also known as an Oxford comma or a Harvard comma) is a comma used immediately before a conjunction (and or or, sometimes nor) in a list of three or more items: the phrase ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt includes a serial comma, while ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt omits it. Editors may use either convention so long as each article is internally consistent; however, there are times when the serial comma can create or prevent confusion:

Sometimes omitting the comma can lead to ambiguity:

ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, which may list either four people (the two parents and the two people named) or two people (O'Connor and Marley, who are the parents).

Including the comma can also cause ambiguity:

ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, which may list either two people (O'Connor, who is the mother, and Marley) or three people (the first being the mother, the second O'Connor, and the third Marley).

In such cases of ambiguity, there are three ways to clarify:

Add or remove the serial comma.
Use paragraph breaks, bullet lists, or numbered paragraphs to clarify.
Recast the sentence (first example above):
- To list four people: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
- To list two people: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
  Clearer: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
  
  Or (the commas here set off non-restrictive appositives): ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Recast the sentence (second example above):
- To list two people: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
- To list three people: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
  The clarity of the last example depends on the reader knowing that Marley is male and cannot be a mother. If we change the example slightly, we are back to an ambiguous statement: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
  
  Clearer: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Colons

A colon (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) introduces something which demonstrates, explains, or modifies what has come before, or is a list of items that has just been introduced. The items in such a list may be separated by commas; or, if they are more complex and perhaps themselves contain commas, the items should be separated by semicolons:

A colon may also be used to introduce direct speech enclosed within quotation marks (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link above).

In most cases a colon works best with a complete grammatical sentence before it. There are exceptional cases, such as those where the colon introduces items set off in new lines like the very next colon here. Examples:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Sometimes (more in American than in British usage) the word following a colon is capitalized, if that word effectively begins a new grammatical sentence, and especially if the colon serves to introduce more than one sentence:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:For

No sentence should contain more than one colon. There should never be a hyphen or a dash immediately following a colon. Only a single space follows a colon.

Semicolons

A semicolon (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) is sometimes an alternative to a full stop (period), enabling related material to be kept in the same sentence; it marks a more decisive division in a sentence than a comma. If the semicolon separates clauses, normally each clause must be independent (meaning that it could stand on its own as a sentence); in many cases, only a comma or only a semicolon will be correct in a given sentence.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

Above, "Though he had been here before" cannot stand on its own as a sentence, and therefore is not an independent clause.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

This incorrect use of a comma between two independent clauses is known as a comma splice; however, in very rare cases, a comma may be used where a semicolon would seem to be called for:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (citing a brief aphorism; see Ars longa, vita brevis)
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (reporting brisk conversation, like this reply of Newton's)

A sentence may contain several semicolons, especially when the clauses are parallel in construction and meaning; multiple unrelated semicolons are often signs that the sentence should be divided into shorter sentences, or otherwise refashioned.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Semicolons are used in addition to commas to separate items in a listing, when commas alone would result in confusion.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

As seen in the examples above, a semicolon does not automatically require the word that follows it to be capitalized.

Semicolon before "however"

The meaning of a sentence containing a trailing clause that starts with the word "however" depends on the punctuation preceding that word. A common error is to use the wrong punctuation, thereby changing the meaning to one not intended.

When the word "however" is an adverb meaning "nevertheless", it should be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. Example:

	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

When the word "however" is a conjunction meaning "in whatever manner", or "regardless of how", it may be preceded by a comma but not by a semicolon, and should not be followed by punctuation. Example:

	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

In the first case, the clause that starts with "however" cannot be swapped with the first clause; in the second case this can be done without change of meaning:

	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

If the two clauses cannot be swapped, a semicolon is required.

A sentence or clause can also contain the word "however" in the middle, if it is an adverb meaning "although", which could have been placed at the beginning but does not start a new clause in mid-sentence. In this use the word may be enclosed between commas. Example:

	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Hyphens

ទំព័រគំរូ:Distinguish ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut

Hyphens (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) indicate conjunction. There are three main uses:

In hyphenated personal names: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
To link prefixes with their main terms in certain constructions (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- A hyphen may be used to distinguish between homographs (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt means dress again, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt means remedy or set right).
- There is a clear trend to join both elements in all varieties of English (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), particularly in American English. British English tends to hyphenate when the letters brought into contact are the same (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or are vowels (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), or where a word is uncommon (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or may be misread (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). American English reflects the same factors, but is more likely to close up without a hyphen. Consult a good dictionary, and see National varieties of English above.
To link related terms in compound modifiers:ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn
- Hyphens can help with ease of reading (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and are particularly useful in long noun phrases: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. But never insert a hyphen into a proper name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).
- A hyphen can help to disambiguate (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt is not a reference to little paintings; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt is a program that monitors the government, whereas ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt is a government program that monitors something else).
- Many compounds that are hyphenated when used ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (adjectives before the nouns they qualify: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (as a noun: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), are usually ទំព័រគំរូ:Em hyphenated when used ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (descriptive phrase separated from the noun: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Where there would otherwise be a loss of clarity, a hyphen may optionally be used in the predicative form as well (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Awkward attributive hyphenation can sometimes be avoided with a simple rewording: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt → ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
- Avoid using a hyphen after a standard ទំព័រគំរូ:Nowrap adverb (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) unless part of a larger compound (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). In rare cases, a hyphen can improve clarity if a rewritten alternative is awkward, but rewording is usually preferable: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt can be disambiguated as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
- A few words ending in ទំព័រគំរូ:Nowrap function as both adjectives and adverbs (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Some such dual-purpose words (like ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) are not standard ទំព័រគំរូ:Nowrap adverbs, because they are not formed by addition of ទំព័រគំរូ:Nowrap to an independent current-English adjective. These need careful treatment: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (no adult actors) but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (actors without siblings).
- A hyphen is normally used when the adverb well precedes a participle used attributively (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but normally ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, because well itself is modified) and even predicatively, if well is necessary to, or alters, the sense of the adjective rather than simply intensifying it (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- In some cases, like ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, the independent status of the linked elements requires an en dash instead of a hyphen. See En dashes below.
- Use a hanging hyphen when two compound modifiers are separated (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but better is ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- Values and units used as compound modifiers are hyphenated only where the unit is given as a whole word; when using the unit symbol, separate it from the number with a non-breaking space ( ).

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Markup: `9 mm gap`)
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Multi-hyphenated items: It is often possible to avoid multi-word hyphenated modifiers by rewording (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt may be easier to read as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). This is particularly important where converted units are involved (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt might be possible as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, and the ungainly ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt as simply ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

For optional hyphenation of compound points of the compass such as southwest/south-west, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.

Do not use a capital letter after a hyphen except for a proper name: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. In titles of published works, follow the capitalization rule for each part independently (resulting in, e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise in a particular case (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Hyphenation rules in other languages may be different. Thus, in French a place name such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt ("Three Rivers") is hyphenated, when it would not be in English. Follow reliable sources in such cases.

Spacing: A hyphen is never followed or preceded by a space, except when hanging (see above) or when used to display parts of words independently, such as the prefix ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and the suffix ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Image filenames and redirects: Image filenames are not part of the encyclopedic content; they are tools. They are most useful if they can be readily typed, so they always use hyphens instead of dashes. Similarly, article titles with dashes should also have a corresponding redirect from a copy of the title with hyphens: for example, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt redirects to ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, because the latter title, although correct, is harder to search for.

Non-breaking: A non-breaking hyphen (‑ or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx) will ទំព័រគំរូ:Em be used as a point of line-wrap.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor Soft hyphens: Use a soft hyphen to indicate ទំព័រគំរូ:Em locations where a word may be broken and hyphenated at the end of a line of text. Use of soft hyphens should be limited to special cases, usually involving very long words or narrow spaces (such as captions in tight page layouts, or column labels in narrow tables). Widespread use of soft hyphens is strongly discouraged, because it makes the wikitext very difficult to read and to edit (for example, This Wikisource example is difficult to understand). An alternative syntax improves readability:

{{shy|This al|ter|na|tive syn|tax im|proves read|a|bil|ity}}

Hyphenation involves many subtleties that cannot be covered here; the rules and examples presented above illustrate the broad principles.

Dashes

Two forms of dash are used on Wikipedia: en dash (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) and em dash (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Enter them as – or —; or click on them to the right of the "Insert" dropdown beneath the edit window. Do not substitute a double hyphen (--).

In article titles, do not use a hyphen (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) as a substitute for an en dash, for example in eye–hand span (since eye does not modify hand). Nonetheless, to aid searching and linking provide a redirect with hyphens replacing the en dash(es), as in eye-hand span. Similarly, provide Category redirects for categories containing dashes.

Sources use dashes in varying ways, but for consistency and clarity Wikipedia adopts the following principles.

Punctuating a sentence (em or en dashes)

Dashes are often used to mark divisions within a sentence: in pairs (parenthetical dashes, instead of parentheses or pairs of commas); or singly (perhaps instead of a colon). They may also indicate an abrupt stop or interruption, in reporting direct speech. In all these cases, use either unspaced em dashes or spaced en dashes, with consistency in any one article:

An em dash is always unspaced (that is, without a space on either side):

An en dash is spaced (that is, with a space on each side) when used as sentence punctuation:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

Ideally, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx (which prevents the en dash from occurring at the beginning of a line):

Another "planet" was detected{{spaced ndash}} but it was later found to be a moon of Saturn.

But do not use ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx where the en dash is unspaced (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below).

Dashes can clarify the sentence structure when there are already commas or parentheses, or both.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Use dashes sparingly. More than two in a single sentence makes the structure unclear; it takes time for the reader to see which dashes, if any, form a pair.

Other uses (en dash only)

The en dash (–) has other roles, beyond its use as a sentence-punctuating dash (see immediately above). It is often analogous to the hyphen (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above), which ទំព័រគំរូ:Em more strongly than the en dash; or to the slash (see the section below), which ទំព័រគំរូ:Em more definitely. Consider the exact meaning when choosing which to use.

In ranges that might otherwise be expressed with to or through

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Do not change hyphens to dashes in filenames, URLs or templates like ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx, which formats verse ranges into URLs.

Do not mix en dashes with between or from.

If negative values are involved, an en dash might be confusing. Use words instead.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

The en dash in a range is always unspaced, except when either or both elements of the range include at least one space.

In compounds when the connection might otherwise be expressed with to, versus, and, or between

Here the relationship is thought of as parallel, symmetric, equal, oppositional, or at least involving ទំព័រគំរូ:Em. The components may be nouns, adjectives, verbs, or any other independent part of speech. Often if the components are reversed there would be little change of meaning.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; the components are parallel and reversible; iron and cobalt retain their identity
Wrong: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; iron modifies roof, so use a hyphen: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Wrong: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; not separate persons, so use a hyphen: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; red and green are separate independent colors, not mixed
Wrong: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; a blended, intermediate color, so use a hyphen: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but prefer spelling out when using words instead of numerals: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not the awkward ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; avoid confusingly reversed order: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; avoid using a slash here, which indicates division
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

ទំព័រគំរូ:AnchorAn en dash between nations; for people and things identifying with multiple nationalities, use a hyphen when applied as an adjective or a space as a noun.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt for ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Wrong: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; "Franco" is a ទំព័រគំរូ:Em, not independent, so use a hyphen: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

A slash or some other alternative may occasionally be better to express a ratio, especially in technical contexts ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Colons are often used for strictly numeric ratios, to avoid confusion with subtraction and division: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref.

Use an en dash for the names of two or more entities in an attributive compound.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (developed by Seeliger and Donker-Voet)
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or just ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (discovered by Hale and Bopp)

Generally, use a hyphen in compounded proper names of single entities.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; Bissau is the capital, and this distinguishes the country from neighboring Guinea
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, a single city named after two people, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, a union of two cities
ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, an individual named after two families

Do not use an en dash for hyphenated personal names, even when they are used as adjectives:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt with a hyphen: named after John Lennard-Jones

Do not use spaces around en dash in any of the compounds above.

Instead of a hyphen, when applying a prefix to a compound that includes a space

ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Use this punctuation when there are compelling grounds for retaining the construction. For example, from a speech that is simply transcribed and cannot be re-worded; or in a heading where it has been judged most natural as a common name. Otherwise recasting is better.

Keep: Post–September 11 anti-war movement; Trans–New Guinea languages (existing Wikipedia articles)
Best to recast the examples shown above: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

The en dash in all of the compounds above is unspaced.

To separate parts of an item in a list

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor

Spaced en dashes are sometimes used between parts of list items. Below are two examples.

Pairing performers with instruments:
- ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
Showing track durations on an album:

Other dashes

Do not use substitutes for em or en dashes, such as the combination of two hyphens (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). These were typewriter approximations.

For a negative sign or subtraction operator, use a minus sign: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Unichar. Input by clicking on it in the insert box beneath the edit window or by typing −.

Slashes

Generally, avoid joining two words with a slash, also called a forward slash or solidus (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), because it suggests that the words are related without specifying how. Replace with clearer wording.

An example: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt Must both be present? (Then write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.) Must at least one be present? (Then write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.) Are they the same person? (Use a hyphen: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.)

In circumstances involving a distinction or disjunction, the en dash (see above) is usually preferable to the slash: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

An unspaced slash may be used:

to indicate phonemic pronunciations (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt)
in a fraction (7/8), though the "fraction slash" (7&frasl;8, producing 7⁄8) or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template ({{frac|7|8}}, producing ទំព័រគំរូ:Frac) are preferred
to indicate regular defined yearly periods that do not coincide with calendar years (e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), if that is the convention used in reliable sources; see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link for further explanation
to express a ratio, in a form in which a slash is conventionally used (e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt)
where a slash occurs in a phrase widely used outside Wikipedia, and a different construction would be inaccurate, unfamiliar, or ambiguous (e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt)

A spaced slash may be used:

to separate run-in lines in quoted poetry or song (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), or rarely in quoted prose, where careful marking of a paragraph break is textually important
to separate items that include at least one internal space (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), where for some reason use of a slash is unavoidable

To avoid awkward linebreaks, code spaced slashes (and fraction slashes) with a non-breaking space on the left and a normal space on the right, as in: ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr. For short constructions, both spaces should be non-breaking: ទំព័រគំរូ:Nobr.

Do not use the backslash character (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) in place of a slash.

Prefer the division operator (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) to slash or fraction slash when representing elementary arithmetic in general text: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. In more advanced mathematical formulas, a vinculum or slash is preferred: $\frac{x^{n}}{n!}$ or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. ទំព័រគំរូ:Cross reference

And/or

Avoid writing ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt unless ambiguity would result, or unless other constructions would be too lengthy or awkward. Instead of ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, write simply ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (which would normally be interpreted to imply or both); or, for emphasis or precision, write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Where more than two possibilities are present, instead of ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Number sign

Avoid using the ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt symbol (known as the number sign, hash sign, or pound sign) when referring to numbers or rankings. Instead write "number", "No." or "Nos."; do not use the symbol ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. For example:

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

An exception is issue numbers of comic books, which unlike for other periodicals are given in general text in the form ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, unless a volume is also given, in which case write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. When using the abbreviations, write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Terminal punctuation

Periods ("full stops"), question marks, and exclamation marks are terminal punctuation ទំព័រគំរូ:Mdashbthe only punctuation marks used to end English sentences.
In some contexts, no terminal punctuation is necessary. In such cases, the sentence often does not start with a capital letter. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, and ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above. Sentence fragments in captions or lists should in most cases not end with a period. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link and ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below.
For the use of three periods in succession, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.
Clusters of question marks, exclamation marks, or a combination of them (such as the interrobang), are highly informal and inappropriate in Wikipedia articles.
Use the exclamation mark with restraint. It is an expression of surprise or emotion that is unsuited to a scholarly or encyclopedic register.
Question marks and exclamation marks may sometimes be used in the middle of a sentence:
- ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
- ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
- ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Not encyclopedic, but acceptable in transcription from audio, or in direct quotation.)

Spacing

In normal text, never put a space ទំព័រគំរូ:Em a comma, a semicolon, a colon, or a terminal punctuation mark (even in quoted material; see allowable typographical changes in ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above). Put a space ទំព័រគំរូ:Em these, unless they end a paragraph or are followed by a closing parenthesis, quotation mark, or similar.

Spaces following terminal punctuation

The number of spaces following the terminal punctuation of a sentence in the wiki markup makes no difference on Wikipedia; the MediaWiki software condenses any number of spaces to just one when rendering the page (see Sentence spacing). For this reason, editors may use any spacing style they prefer on Wikipedia. Multiple spacing styles may coexist in the same article, and adding or removing a double space is sometimes used as a dummy edit.

Consecutive punctuation marks

Where a word or phrase that includes terminal punctuation ends a sentence, do not add a second terminal punctuation mark. If a quoted phrase or title ends in a question mark or exclamation mark, it may confuse readers as to the nature of the article sentence containing it, and so is usually better reworded to be mid-sentence. Where such a word or phrase occurs mid-sentence, new terminal punctuation (usually a period) must be added at the end.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Punctuation and footnotes

Ref tags (ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag) are used to create footnotes (sometimes called endnotes or notes). The ref tags should immediately follow the text to which the footnote applies, with no intervening space (except possibly a hair space, generated by ទំព័រគំរូ:Tl). Any punctuation (see exceptions below) must precede the ref tags. Adjacent ref tags should have no space between them. Ref tags are used for explanatory notes, but are more often used for citation footnotes.

When ref tags are used, a footnote list must be added, and is usually placed in the Notes and References section near the end of the article in the standard appendices and footers.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: Flightless birds have a reduced keel,ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref and smaller wing bones than flying birds of similar size.ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref

Exceptions: ref tags are placed ទំព័រគំរូ:Em dashes, not after; and where a footnote applies only to material within parentheses, the ref tags belong just before the closing parenthesis.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: Paris is not the capital city of England—the capital of which is Londonទំព័រគំរូ:Hsp ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref—but that of France,ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref and is widely known as a beautiful city.ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em: Kim Jong-un (Korean: 김정은;ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref Hanja: 金正恩ទំព័រគំរូ:Dummy ref) is the third and youngest son of Kim Jong-il with his late consort Ko Young-hee.

Punctuation after formulae

A sentence that ends with a formula should have terminal punctuation (period, exclamation mark, or question mark) after the formula. Within a sentence, place other punctuation (such as commas or colons) after the formula just as if the text were not a formula. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Dates and time

For ranges of dates and times, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.

Dates should only be linked when they are germane and topical to the subject, as discussed at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Time of day

Time of day is normally expressed in figures rather than being spelled out. Use context to determine whether to use the 12- or 24-hour.

Twelve-hour clock times are written in one of two forms: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Include a non-breaking space. Use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt rather than ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt; it may need to be specified whether midnight refers to the start or end of a date.
Twenty-four-hour clock times are written in the form ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, with no suffix. Midnight written as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt begins the day; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt ends it.

Days

For full dates, use the format ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or the format ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Similarly, where the year is omitted, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. For choice of format, see below.
Do not use numerical date formats such as "03/04/2005", as this could refer to 3 April or to March 4. If a numerical format is required (e.g., for conciseness in long lists and tables), use the YYYY-MM-DD format: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Choice of format

All the dates in a given article should have the same format (day–month or month–day). However, for citations, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link. These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles.
Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the more common date format for that country (month–day for the US, except in military usage; day–month for most others; articles related to Canada may use either consistently).
Otherwise, do not change an article from one form to another without good reason. More details can be found at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Months

For month and year, write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, with no comma.
Abbreviations for months, such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, are used only where space is extremely limited. Such abbreviations should use three letters only, and should not be followed by a period (full stop) except at the end of a sentence.

Seasons

Avoid ambiguous references to seasons, which are different in the southern and northern hemispheres.
Names of seasons may be used when there is a logical connection to the event they are describing (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) or when referring to a phase of a natural yearly cycle (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Otherwise, neutral wording is usually preferable (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).
Journals and other publications that are issued seasonally (e.g. "Summer 2005") should be dated as such in citations ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref.

Years and longer periods

Do not use the year before the digits (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt), unless the meaning would otherwise be unclear.
Decades are written in the format ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, with no apostrophe. Use the two-digit form ('80s) only with an established social or cultural meaning. Avoid forms such as ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt that could refer to 10 or 100 years.
Years are denoted by AD and BC or, equivalently, CE and BCE. Use only one system within an article, and do not change from one system to the other without good reason. The abbreviations are written without periods, and with a non-breaking space, as in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Omit AD or CE unless this would cause ambiguity.

More information on all of the above topics can be found at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, including the handling of dates expressed in different calendars, and times corresponding to different time zones.

Current

The term "current" should be avoided. What is current today may not be tomorrow; situations change over time. Instead, use date- and time-specific text. To help keep information updated use the ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt
ទំព័រគំរូ:Em:	ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Numbers

WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers (MOS:NUM) ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link clarifies a number of situations, including the following:

In general, write whole cardinal numbers from one to nine as words, write other numbers that, when spoken, take two or fewer words as either figures or words (with consistency within each article), and write all other numbers as figures: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link et seq. for exceptions and fine points.
In general, use a comma to delimit numbers with five or more digits to the left of the decimal point. Numbers with four digits are at the editor's discretion: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but either ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link et seq. for exceptions.
In general, use decimals rather than fractions with measurements, but the latter are permitted with measuring systems such as imperial units and U.S. customary units. Keep articles internally consistent.
Scientific notation (e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt) is preferred in scientific contexts; editors can use the ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template, which generates such expressions with the syntax {{val|5.8|e=7|u=kg}}.
Write out "million" and "billion" on the first use. After that, unspaced "M" can be used for millions and "bn" for billions: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link for similar words.
Write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt (with a space) or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. "Percent" is American usage, and "per cent" is British usage (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above). In ranges of percentages written with an en dash, write only a single percent sign: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
Indicate uncertainties as "(value ± uncertainty) × 10n units", e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link for other acceptable formats.

Currencies

Use the full abbreviation on first use (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt for the US dollar and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt for the Australian dollar), ទំព័រគំរូ:Em. For example, the Government of the United States always spends money in American dollars, and never in Canadian or Australian dollars.
Use only one symbol with ranges, as in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
In articles that are not specific to a country, express amounts of money in United States dollars, euros, or pounds sterling. Do not link the names or symbols of currencies that are commonly known to English-speakers (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), unless there is a particular reason to do so; do not use potentially ambiguous currency symbols, unless the meaning is clear in the context.
In country-specific articles, use the currency of the country. On first occurrence, consider including conversion to US dollars, euros, or pounds sterling, at a rate appropriate to the context. For example, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Wording such as "approx." is not appropriate for simple rounding-off of the converted amount.
Generally, use the full name of a currency, and link it on its first appearance if English-speakers are likely to be unfamiliar with it (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); subsequent occurrences can use the currency sign (just ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Most currency symbols are placed ទំព័រគំរូ:Em the number; they are unspaced (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Units of measurement

The main unit in which a quantity is expressed should generally be an SI unit or non-SI unit officially accepted for use with the SI. However,
- Scientific articles may also use specialist units appropriate for the branch of science in question.
- In non-scientific articles relating to the United States, the main unit is generally a U.S. customary unit (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
- In non-scientific articles relating to the United Kingdom, although the main unit is generally a metric unit (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), imperial units are still used as the main units in some contexts (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same measurement, provide a conversion in parentheses. Examples: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. The ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx template is useful for producing such expressions.
In a direct quotation, always retain the source's units. Any conversion should follow in square brackets (or, an obscure use of units can be explained in a footnote).
Where space is limited (such as tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas) unit symbols are preferred. In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly after spelling out the first use (e.g. ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), except for unit names that are hardly ever spelled out (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt rather than ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt).
Most unit names are not capitalized. (For spelling differences, follow ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.)
Use "per" when writing out a unit, rather than a slash: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt.
Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a nameទំព័រគំរូ:Ndashsymbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
For ranges, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above, and MOS:NUM, at ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
Unit symbols are preceded by figures, not by spelled-out numbers. Values and unit symbols are separated by a non-breaking space. For example, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. The percent sign and units of degrees, minutes, and seconds ទំព័រគំរូ:Em are unspaced.

Common mathematical symbols

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Hatnote

For a negative sign or subtraction operator, use a minus sign (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, Unicode character U+2212 MINUS SIGN). Input by clicking on it in the insert box beneath the edit window or by typing −.
For a multiplication sign between numbers, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Unicode character U+00D7 MULTIPLICATION SIGN), which is input by clicking on it in the edit toolbox under the edit window or by typing ×. The letter ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt should not be used to indicate multiplication, but it is used (unspaced) as the substitute for "by" in terms such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
Exponentiation is indicated by a superscript, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (typed as ''a''''n'' or {{var|a}}{{var|n}}). Exponential notation can be spaced or unspaced, depending on circumstances.
Do not use programming language notation outside computer program listings. In most programming languages, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation are respectively represented by the hyphen-minus -, the asterisk *, and either the caret ^ or the double asterisk **, and scientific notation is replaced by E notation.
Symbols for binary operators and relations are spaced on both sides:
- plus, minus, and plus-or-minus (as binary operators): ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (as in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt);
- multiplication and division: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;
- equals, does not equal, equals approximately: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;
- is less than, is less than or equal to, is greater than, is greater than or equal to: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
Symbols for unary operators are closed-up to their operand:
- positive, negative, and positive-or-negative signs: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (as in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt);
- other unary operators, such as the exclamation mark as a factorial sign (as in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
Variables are italicized, but digits and punctuation are not; only ទំព័រគំរូ:Var and ទំព័រគំរូ:Var are italicized in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. ទំព័រគំរូ:Tag or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx can be used to distinguish variables from other uses of italics, as illustrated above.

Grammar and usage

Possessives

Singular nouns

For the possessive of most singular nouns, including proper names and words ending with a double-s, add 's (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Exception: abstract nouns ending with an /s/ sound, when followed by sake (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
For the possessive of singular nouns ending with just one s (sounded as /s/ or /z/), there are two practices advised by different grammar and style guides:
1. Add 's: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
2. Add either 's or just an apostrophe, according to how the possessive is pronounced:
  - Add only an apostrophe if the possessive is pronounced the same way as the non-possessive name: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt;
  - Add 's if the possessive has an additional ទំព័រគំរូ:IPAc-en at the end: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
  - Some possessives have two possible pronunciations: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Apply just ទំព័រគំរូ:Em of these two practices consistently within an article. If the second practice is used and there is disagreement over the pronunciation of a possessive, the choice should be discussed and then that possessive adopted consistently in an article. (Possessives of certain classical and biblical names have traditional pronunciations that may be deemed to take precedence: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; and in some cases—particularly possessives of inanimate objects—rewording may be an option: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.)

Plural nouns

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Redirect

For a normal plural noun, ending with a pronounced s, form the possessive by adding just an apostrophe (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).
For a plural noun ទំព័រគំរូ:Em ending with a pronounced s, add 's (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, but where rewording is an option, this may be better: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Official names

Official names (of companies, organizations, or places) should not be altered. (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt should therefore ទំព័រគំរូ:Em be rendered as ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, even for consistency.)

First-person pronouns

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut To maintain an objective and impersonal encyclopedic voice, an article should never refer to its editors or readers using I, my, we, us, or similar forms: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt. But some such forms are acceptable in certain figurative uses. For example:

In historical articles to mean the modern world as a whole: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
The author's we found in scientific writing: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Albert Einstein); ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Often rephrasing using the passive voice is preferable: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Second-person pronouns

Avoid addressing the reader using you or your, which sets an inappropriate tone (see also ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below).

Use a noun or a third-person pronoun: instead of ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, use ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, or ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt
If a person cannot be specified, or when implying "anyone" as a subject, the pronoun one may be used: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. Other constructions may be preferable if one seems stilted: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.
The passive voice may sometimes be used instead: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt.

Do not bait links with e.g. "Click here for more information"; let the browser's normal highlighting invite a click. (And "Click here" makes no sense to someone reading on paper.)

Likewise, "See: (reference)" or "Consider ..." are milder second-person baits, common in academic writing (pedagogy). This interactive personality is inconsistent with an encyclopedia's passive presentation of objective matter.

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:See also ទំព័រគំរូ:For

Do not address the reader with the Socratic method by asking and answering questions. ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt

Plurals

Use the appropriate plural; allow for cases (such as excursus or hanif) in which a word is now listed in major English dictionaries, and normally takes an s or es plural, not its original plural: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt as in Latin; ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, not ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt as in Arabic.

Some collective nouns—such as team (and proper names of them), army, company, crowd, fleet, government, majority, mess, number, pack, and party—may refer either to a single entity or to the members that compose it. In British English, such words are sometimes treated as singular, but more often treated as plural, according to context. Exceptionally, names of towns and countries usually take singular verbs (unless they are being used to refer to a team or company by that name, or when discussing actions of that entity's government). For example, in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, England refers to a football team; but in ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, it refers to the country. In North American English, these words (and the United States, for historical reasons) are almost invariably treated as singular; the major exception is when sports teams are referred to by nicknames that are plural nouns, when plural verbs are commonly used to match. See also ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.

Verb tense

ទំព័រគំរូ:Anchor ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Redirect3 ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

By default, write articles in the present tense, including for those covering products or works that have been discontinued. Articles discussing works of fiction are also written in the present tense ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref. Generally, do not use past tense except for deceased subjects, past events, and subjects that no longer meaningfully exist as such.

Tense can be used to distinguish between current and former status of a subject: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt (Emphasis added for clarity.)

Vocabulary

Contractions

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:For ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Avoid the use of contractions in encyclopedic writing; e.g., instead of the informal ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt, write ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt and ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt. However, contractions should not be expanded mechanically; sometimes, rewriting the sentence is preferable.

Gender-neutral language

Use gender-neutral language where this can be done with clarity and precision. For example, avoid the generic he. This does not apply to direct quotations or the titles of works (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), which should not be altered, or to wording about one-gender contexts, such as an all-female school (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Ships may be referred to using either feminine forms ("she", "her", "hers") or neutral forms ("it", "its"). Either usage is acceptable, but each article should be internally consistent and employ one or the other exclusively. As with all optional styles, articles should not be changed from one style to another unless there is a substantial reason to do so. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.

Contested vocabulary

Avoid words and phrases that give the impression of straining for formality, that are unnecessarily regional, or that are not widely accepted. See List of English words with disputed usage and Wikipedia:List of commonly misused English words; see also ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link below.

Instructional and presumptuous language

Avoid such phrases as remember that and note that, which address readers directly in an unencyclopedic tone. They are a subtle form of Wikipedia self-reference. Similarly, phrases such as of course, naturally, obviously, clearly, and actually make presumptions about readers' knowledge, and call into question the reason for including the information in the first place. Do not ទំព័រគំរូ:Em readers that something is ironic, surprising, unexpected, amusing, coincidental, etc. Simply state the sourced facts and allow readers to draw their own conclusions. Such constructions can usually just be deleted, leaving behind proper sentences with a more academic and less pushy tone: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt becomes ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Subset terms

A subset term identifies a set of members of a larger class. Common subset terms are including, among, and et cetera (etc.). Do not use redundant subset terms (so avoid constructions like: ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt or ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt). Do not use including to introduce a complete list; instead use comprising, consisting of, or composed of.

Identity

When there is a discrepancy between the term most commonly used by reliable sources for a person or group and the term that person or group uses for themselves, use the term that is most commonly used by reliable sources. If it isn't clear which is most used, use the term that the person or group uses.

Disputes over how to refer to a person or group are addressed by Wikipedia content policies, such as those on verifiability, and neutral point of view (and article titles when the term appears in the title of an article).

Use specific terminology. For example, it is often more appropriate for people or things from Ethiopia (a country in Africa) to be described as Ethiopian, not carelessly (with the risk of stereotyping) as African.

Use of "Arab" and "Arabic"

The adjective Arab refers to people and things of ethnic Arab origin. The term Arabic refers to the Arabic language or writing system, and related concepts (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt).

Gender identity

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Main biographical article on a person whose gender might be questioned: Give precedence to self-designation as reported in the most up-to-date reliable sources, even when it doesn't match what's most common in reliable sources. When a person's gender self-designation may come as a surprise to readers, explain it without overemphasis on first occurrence in an article.; Any person whose gender might be questioned should be referred to by the pronouns, possessive adjectives, and gendered nouns (for example "man/woman", "waiter/waitress", "chairman/chairwoman") that reflect that person's ទំព័រគំរូ:Em expressed gender self-identification. This applies in references to any phase of that person's life, unless the subject has indicated a preference otherwise. Avoid confusing constructions (ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) by rewriting (e.g., ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt). Direct quotations may need to be handled as exceptions (in some cases adjusting the portion used may reduce apparent contradictions, and "[sic]" may be used where necessary). The MoS does not specify when and how to present former names, or whether to use the former or present name first.
Referring to the person in other articles: Generally, do not go into detail over changes in name or gender presentation unless they are relevant to the passage in which the person is mentioned. Use context to determine which name or names to provide on a case-by-case basis.

Foreign terms

Foreign words should be used sparingly.

No common usage in English

Use italics for phrases in other languages and for isolated foreign words that are not current in English. See ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link for details.

Common usage in English

Loanwords and borrowed phrases that have common usage in English—ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt—do not require italics. A rule of thumb is not to italicize words that appear unitalicized in general-purpose English-language dictionaries.

Spelling and romanization

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Redirect ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Names not originally written in one of the Latin-script alphabets (written for example in Greek, Cyrillic, or Chinese scripts) must be given a romanized form for use in English. Use a systematically transliterated or otherwise romanized name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt); but if there is a common English form of the name (ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt, ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt), use that form instead.

The use of diacritics (such as accent marks) for foreign words is neither encouraged nor discouraged; their usage depends on whether they appear in verifiable reliable sources in English and on the constraints imposed by specialized Wikipedia guidelines ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref. Provide redirects from alternative forms that use or exclude diacritics.

Spell a name consistently in the title and the text of an article. See relevant policy at WP:Article titles; see also WP:Naming conventions (use English). For foreign names, phrases, and words generally, adopt the spellings most commonly used in English-language references for the article, unless those spellings are idiosyncratic or obsolete. If a foreign term does not appear in the article's references, adopt the spelling most commonly used in other verifiable reliable sources (for example other English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias). For punctuation of compounded forms, see relevant guidelines in ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, above.

Sometimes the usage will be influenced by other guidelines, such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link (above), which may lead to different choices in different articles.

Other concerns

Capitalization in foreign-language titles varies; see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
For non-English vernacular names of species, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
For handling of foreign-language quotations, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
For non-English characters that resemble single quotation marks and apostrophes, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
For actual non-English quotation characters, see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link.
See Category:Multilingual support templates for templates that can be used to provide language information and metadata about foreign words or phrases. The most commonly used is ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx.

Technical language

Some topics are intrinsically technical, but editors should try to make them understandable to as many readers as possible. Minimize jargon, or at least explain it or tag it using ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx or ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx for other editors to fix. For unavoidably technical articles, a separate introductory article (like Introduction to general relativity) may be the best solution. Avoid excessive wikilinking (linking within Wikipedia) as a substitute for parenthetic explanations such as the one in this sentence. Do not introduce new and specialized words simply to teach them to the reader when more common alternatives will do. When the notions named by jargon are too complex to explain concisely in a few parenthetical words, write one level down. For example, consider adding a brief background section with ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx tags pointing to the full treatment article(s) of the prerequisite notions; this approach is practical only when the prerequisite concepts are central to the exposition of the article's main topic and when such prerequisites are not too numerous. Short articles like stubs generally do not have such sections.

Geographical items

Places should generally be referred to consistently by the same name as in the title of their article (see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)). Exceptions are made if there is a widely accepted historical English name appropriate to the given context. In cases where such a historical name is used, it should be followed by the modern name in round brackets (parentheses) on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article. This resembles linking; it should not be done to the detriment of style. On the other hand, it is probably better to provide such a variant too often than too rarely. If more than one historical name is applicable for a given context, the other names should be added after the modern English name, that is: "historical name (modern name, other historical names)".

Media files

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Images

Each image should be inside the major section to which it relates (within the section defined by the most recent ==-level heading, or at the top of the lead section). Do not place images immediately above ==-level section headings.
Avoid sandwiching text horizontally between two images that face each other, and between an image and an infobox or similar.
It is often preferable to place images of people so that they "look" toward the text. Do not achieve this by reversing the image.
Any galleries should comply with ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link. Consider linking to additional images on Commons instead.
Avoid referring to images as being to the left/right, or above/below, because image placement varies with platform, and is meaningless to people using screen readers; instead, use captions to identify images.
An image's ទំព័រគំរូ:Para text takes the image's place for those who are unable to see the image. See WP:ALT.

Other media files

Other media files include video and audio files. Style recommendations for such files largely follow recommendations for image files (as far as applicable).

Avoid using images to convey text

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article

Textual information should almost always be entered as text rather than as an image. True text can be colored and adjusted with CSS tags and templates, but text in images cannot be. Images are not searchable, are slower to download, and are unlikely to be read as text by devices for the visually impaired. Any important textual information in an image should also appear in the image's alt text, caption, or other nearby text.

For entering textual information as audio, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia.

Captions

Photographs and other graphics should have captions, unless they are unambiguous depictions of the subject of the article or when they are "self-captioning" images (such as reproductions of album or book covers). In a biography article no caption is necessary for a portrait of the subject pictured alone; but one might be used to give the year, the subject's age, or other circumstances of the portrait along with the name of the subject.

Formatting of captions

Captions normally start with a capital letter.
Most captions are not complete sentences but merely sentence fragments that should not end with a period. However, if any complete sentence occurs in a caption, then every sentence and every sentence fragment in that caption should end with a period.
The text of captions should not be specially formatted, except in ways that would apply if it occurred in the main text (e.g., italics for the Latin name of a species).
Captions should be succinct; more information can be included on its description page, or in the main text.
Captions for technical charts and diagrams may need to be substantially longer than usual; they should fully describe all elements of the image and indicate its significance.

Bulleted and numbered lists

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:Further information

Do not use lists if a passage is read easily as plain paragraphs.
Use proper wikimarkup- or template-based list code ទំព័រគំរូ:Crossref.
Do not leave blank lines between items in a bulleted or numbered list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the Wiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list.
- Indents (such as this) are permitted if the elements are "child" items
Use numbers rather than bullets only if:
- A need to refer to the elements by number may arise;
- The sequence of the items is critical; or
- The numbering has some independent meaning, for example in a listing of musical tracks.
Use the same grammatical form for all elements in a list, and do not mix sentences and sentence fragments as elements, for example when the elements are:
- Complete sentences, each one is formatted with sentence case (its first letter is capitalized) and a final period (full stop);
- Sentence fragments, the list is typically introduced by an introductory fragment ending with a colon;
- Titles of works, they retain the original capitalization of the titles;
- Other elements, they are formatted consistently in either sentence case or lower case.

Links

Wikilinks

ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article ទំព័រគំរូ:See also

Make links only where they are relevant and helpful in the context: Excessive use of hyperlinks can be distracting and may slow the reader down. Redundant links (like the one in ទំព័រគំរូ:!xt) clutter the page and make future maintenance harder. High-value links that ទំព័រគំរូ:Em worth pursuing should stand out clearly.

Linking to sections: A hash sign (#) followed by the appropriate heading will lead to a relevant part of a page. For example, [[Apostrophe#Use in non-English names]] links to a particular section of the article Apostrophe.

Initial capitalization: Wikipedia's MediaWiki software does not require that wikilinks begin with an upper-case character. Only capitalize the first letter where this is naturally called for, or when specifically referring to the linked article by its name: ទំព័រគំរូ:Xt

Check links: Ensure that the destination is the intended one; many dictionary words lead to disambiguation pages and not to complete or well-chosen articles.

External links

External links should not normally be used in the body of an article. Instead, articles can include an External links section at the end, pointing to further information outside Wikipedia as distinct from citing sources. The standard format is a primary heading, ==External links==, followed by a bulleted list of links. Identify the link and briefly indicate its relevance to the article. For example:

* [http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html History of NIH]

* [http://nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health homepage]

These will appear as:

Where appropriate, use external link templates such as ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx and ទំព័រគំរូ:Tlx.

Add external links with discretion; Wikipedia is not a link repository.

Miscellaneous

Keep markup simple

Other things being equal, keep markup simple. This makes wikitext easier to understand and edit, and the results seen by the reader more predictable. Use HTML and CSS markup sparingly.

An HTML character entity is sometimes better than the equivalent Unicode character, which may be difficult to identify in edit mode; for example, Α is explicit whereas Α (the upper-case form of Greek α) may be misidentified as the Latin A.

Formatting issues

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article

Modifications in font size, blank space, and color (see ទំព័រគំរូ:Section link, below) are an issue for the Wikipedia site-wide style sheet, and should be reserved for special cases only.

Typically, the use of custom font styles will:

reduce consistency, since the text will no longer look uniform;
reduce usability, since it might be impossible for people with custom style sheets (for accessibility reasons, for example) to override it, and it might clash with a different skin as well as inconvenience people with color blindness (see below); and
cause disputes, since other editors may disagree aesthetically with the choice of style.

Outside article text, different font sizes are routinely used in navigation templates and infoboxes, tables (especially in larger ones), and some other contexts where alternatives are not available (such as table captions). Specify font sizes ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (for example in CSS with font-size: 85%) rather than ទំព័រគំរូ:Em (like font-size: 8pt).

Color coding

Do not use color ទំព័រគំរូ:Em to mark differences in text: they may be invisible to people with color blindness and useless in black-and-white printouts or displays.

Choose colors that are distinguishable by readers with the commonest form of colorblindness, such as maroon and teal; and ទំព័រគំរូ:Em mark the differences with change of font or some other means (maroon and alternative font face, teal). Avoid low contrast between text and background colors. Viewing the page with Toptal can help with the choice of colors. See also color coding.

Even for readers with unimpaired color vision, excessive background shading of table entries impedes readability and recognition of Wikilinks. Background color should be used only as a ទំព័រគំរូ:Em visual cue, and should be subtle (consider using lighter, less-dominant pastel hues) rather than glaring.

Scrolling lists and collapsible content

ទំព័រគំរូ:Shortcut ទំព័រគំរូ:Redirect ទំព័រគំរូ:For ទំព័រគំរូ:Main article

Scrolling lists, and collapsible templates that toggle text display between hide and show, can interfere with readers' ability to access our content. Such mechanisms are not to be used to conceal "spoiler" information. Templates are not normally used to store article text at all, as it interferes with editors' ability to find and edit it.

When such features are used, take care that the content will still be accessible on devices that do not support JavaScript or CSS, and to the 45% (and climbing) of Wikipedia readers who use the mobile version of the site,ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn which has a limited set of features. Mobile ability to access the content in question is easy to test with the "Mobile view" link at the bottom of each page.ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn

ទំព័រគំរូ:Strong This includes reference lists, tables and lists of article content, image galleries, and image captions. In particular, note that while some templates support a collapsible parameter or manually-added CSS class, and this is permissible, the collapsed, mw-collapsed, and autocollapse states ទំព័រគំរូ:Em to pre-emptively force the closure of these elements, except as noted below. Any information hidden in this way when the page loads will be irreversibly invisible to the aforementioned classes of users, as well as a growing number of low-bandwidth users in Asia who reach a Wikipedia article via Google.ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn Several other CSS classes, used manually or by templates, will render content inaccessible to mobile users.ទំព័រគំរូ:Efn

Collapsed or auto-collapsing cells or sections may be used with tables if it simply repeats information covered in the main text (or is purely supplementary, e.g. several past years of statistics in collapsed tables for comparison with a table of uncollapsed current stats). Auto-collapsing is often a feature of navboxes. A few infoboxes also use pre-collapsed sections for infrequently accessed details. If information in a list, infobox, or other non-navigational content seems extraneous or trivial enough to inspire pre-collapsing it, consider raising a discussion on the article (or template) talk page about whether it should be included at all. If the information is important and the concern is article density or length, consider dividing the article into more sections, integrating unnecessarily list-formatted information into the article prose, or splitting the article.

Invisible comments

Editors use "invisible" commentsទំព័រគំរូ:Sndnot shown in the rendered page seen by readers of the article, but visible in the wiki source when an editor opens the article for editingទំព័រគំរូ:Sndto communicate with one other.

Invisible comments are useful for alerting other editors to issues such as common mistakes that regularly occur in the article, a section title being the target of an incoming link, or pointing to a discussion that established a consensus relating to the article. They should not be used to instruct other editors not to perform certain edits, although where existing consensus is against making such an edit, they may usefully draw the editor's attention to that. Avoid adding too many invisible comments because they can clutter the wiki source for other editors. Check that your invisible comment does not change the formatting, for example by introducing unwanted white space in the rendered page.

To leave an invisible comment, enclose the text you intend to be read only by editors between . For example:

This notation can be inserted with a single click in Wiki markup, just under the edit pane in edit mode.

Pronunciation